12 Gauge vs 20 Gauge Shotgun: Differences, Use Cases, & Recommendations

Many firearm enthusiasts struggle with choosing between a 12 gauge and a 20 gauge shotgun. Both gauges are suitable for hunting, home defense, and recreational shooting. Below, we'll explain the differences between these two popular shotgun gauges. We'll help you understand their performance, recoil, versatility, and ideal use cases. By the end, you'll have a clearer idea of which gauge best suits your needs and preferences. This guide is for seasoned hunters and beginners. Our insights will help you decide on the perfect shotgun at Fleet Farm.

What are Shotgun Gauges?

Shotgun gauges refer to the size of the shotgun's bore, which is the inside diameter of the barrel. Rifle and handgun calibers are measured in inches or millimeters. Shotgun gauges are based on an older measurement system.

The gauge number describes the number of lead balls of the bore diameter that make up one pound. For example, in a 12-gauge shotgun, 12 lead balls of the bore diameter would weigh one pound. In a 20-gauge shotgun, it would take 20 lead balls to equal one pound. So, the higher the number, the smaller the diameter.

The most common shotgun gauges are 12, 20, 16, 28, and .410 bore. Each size has its own characteristics. Each is also suited for different types of shooting and hunting activities.

Understanding shotgun gauges helps you choose the best shotgun for your needs. This knowledge ensures better performance and satisfaction in your shooting activities.

Shotgun Gauge Options

Shotguns come in various gauges, each with its own bore diameter and specific uses. Below are the most common shotgun gauge options. If you're looking for a reliable and adaptable firearm, shop our firearms.

10 Gauge (.775 inches)

The 10-gauge shotgun has the largest bore diameter among standard shotguns. It is known for its power and is typically used for hunting large game and waterfowl. Due to its heavy recoil, it is less popular for general use.

12 Gauge (.729 inches)

The 12-gauge shotgun is the most versatile and popular option. It is widely used for hunting, sport shooting, and home defense. This shotgun’s balance of power and manageable recoil has various applications. For those interested in the 12-gauge, explore our selection of break-action shotguns for sale.

16 Gauge (.685 inches)

The 16-gauge shotgun is a middle-ground option. It offers a balance between 12-gauge and 20-gauge shotguns. It's a frequent choice in upland bird hunting and provides a moderate recoil.

20 Gauge (.615 inches)

The 20-gauge shotgun is favored for its lighter recoil and ease of handling. It is an excellent choice for beginners. This gauge is also favored by smaller-framed shooters and those who want a lighter firearm. It is commonly used for hunting small game and upland birds.

28 Gauge (.550 inches)

The 28-gauge shotgun is lightweight, easy to handle, and has a smaller bore diameter. It is ideal for upland bird hunting and skeet shooting. While it offers less power than larger gauges, it provides sufficient performance for its intended uses. Those interested in shooting sports should check out our trap shooting supplies for sale.

.410 Bore (.410 inches)

The .410 bore, often called a .410 gauge, has the smallest bore diameter among standard shotguns. It is typically used for small-game hunting and pest control. Due to its low recoil, it is also a good choice for introducing young or new shooters to shotguns.

For more details on different shotgun gauges, check out this guide from the NSSF.

12 GA vs. 20 GA Comparison and Breakdown

When deciding between 12 gauge and 20 gauge shotguns, it's essential to understand each shotgun type. Each gauge has unique advantages and limitations. These key differences affect their performance and usability.

Various factors can influence your choice based on your specific needs and preferences. Let’s examine the critical differences between 12 and 20-gauge shotguns.

12 GA vs. 20 GA: Power and Performance

When it comes to power and performance, the 12-gauge shotgun is the clear winner. It delivers more firepower, making it suitable for larger game and longer-range shooting. The 12-gauge can handle a wider variety of loads, including heavy magnum shells, which provide more stopping power.

The 20-gauge shotgun is better suited for small game and short-range shooting. It offers adequate power for most hunting scenarios. Yet, it can not match the sheer force of the 12-gauge.

Winner: 12 GA - The 12-gauge shotgun delivers more firepower, suitable for larger game and longer-range shooting.

12 GA vs. 20 GA: Recoil and Shootability

Recoil is a significant factor when choosing a 12-gauge or a 20-gauge shotgun. The 12-gauge generally produces more recoil. This factor can be challenging for new shooters or those with smaller frames.

The 20-gauge features a lighter recoil. It's easier to handle and more comfortable to shoot. It's frequently cited as a better option for beginners and for those who prefer a less punishing shooting experience.

Winner: 20 GA - The 20-gauge shotgun features lighter recoil, making it easier to handle and more comfortable to shoot, particularly for beginners or those with smaller frames.

12 GA vs. 20 GA: Versatility

The 12-gauge shotgun is known for its versatility. It's useful in hunting various types of game, home defense, and sport shooting. Its ability to handle different ammo types makes it a highly adaptable choice.

While the 20-gauge is also versatile, it is generally considered more specialized. Due to its lighter weight and lower recoil, it excels in upland bird hunting and small game hunting.

Winner: 12 GA - The 12-gauge shotgun is known for its versatility, useful in hunting various types of game, home defense, and sport shooting.

12 GA vs. 20 GA: Shot Pattern

Shot pattern refers to the spread of pellets when a shotgun is fired. The 12-gauge typically produces a denser shot pattern due to the larger number of pellets it can fire. This makes it more effective at hitting targets at longer distances.

The 20-gauge, with fewer pellets, produces a slightly wider spread. This can be advantageous for shooting at closer ranges or for smaller targets.

Winner: 12 GA - The 12-gauge typically produces a denser shot pattern, making it more effective at hitting targets at longer distances.

12 GA vs. 20 GA: Ammunition Availability

Ammunition availability is another important consideration. 12-gauge ammunition is widely available and comes in a wide array of load options, from light target loads to heavy hunting and defensive loads. This makes it easier to purchase shotgun ammunition for any situation.

20-gauge ammunition is also readily available. However, the variety of loads is more limited than that of the 12-gauge. This can be a factor if you need specialized ammunition.

Winner: 12 GA - 12-gauge ammunition is widely available and comes in a wider array of load options compared to the 20-gauge.

Which Gauge is Better for Beginners?

For beginners, the 20-gauge is generally considered better due to the following reasons:

• Lower Recoil: The 20-gauge generally produces less recoil than a 12 gauge. It's more comfortable for new shooters and less likely to cause flinching habits. This can help beginners build confidence and improve their shooting technique.
• Lighter Weight: 20-gauge shotguns are typically lighter than their 12-gauge counterparts. They're easier to maneuver and carry, especially for smaller-framed individuals or younger shooters.
• Adequate Power: While not as powerful as a 12-gauge shotgun, a 20-gauge shotgun still offers sufficient power for most hunting applications, particularly upland birds and small game.
• Improved Shootability: The 20-gauge combines lower recoil with lighter weight. This pairing often translates to better shootability for beginners, allowing them to focus on proper form and accuracy rather than managing recoil.
• Versatility: 20-gauge shotguns are versatile enough for various applications. They're used for hunting, target shooting, and even home defense with appropriate loads.

Use Cases

Understanding the specific use cases for each gauge can help determine which shotgun is best for your needs. Here, we break down the common applications for both 12-gauge and 20-gauge shotguns.

Hunting

For hunters, choosing between a 12-gauge and a 20-gauge shotgun can significantly impact your experience and success. Each gauge has strengths in different hunting scenarios, from larger game to smaller birds.

12-gauge

• Waterfowl Hunting: The 12-gauge shotgun is a top choice for waterfowl hunting. Its power and range make it effective for bringing down ducks and geese.
• Turkey Hunting: The 12-gauge provides the necessary stopping power for turkey hunting. Larger shot sizes can effectively take down these larger birds.
• Deer Hunting: With the right slugs, a 12-gauge shotgun can be highly effective for deer hunting. It offers the power needed to ensure a clean and humane kill.

20-gauge

• Upland Bird Hunting: The 20-gauge shotgun is ideal for upland bird hunting. Its lighter weight and lower recoil make it easily carried and comfortable to shoot for extended periods. 
• Small Game Hunting: The 20-gauge is ideal for small game like rabbits and squirrels. It provides sufficient power without being overly destructive to the meat.
• Turkey Hunting: The 20-gauge is also suitable for turkey hunting. While it doesn't have the same power as a 12-gauge, it can still be effective with the right ammunition.

Home Defense

Both 12-gauge and 20-gauge shotguns are popular choices for home defense. The 12-gauge offers more stopping power, which can be crucial in a defensive situation. However, its higher recoil might be challenging for some shooters.

The 20-gauge has a lower recoil and is easier to handle. It can still provide adequate stopping power for home defense, making it a good option for those who prefer a more manageable firearm. 

If you’re looking for a home defense shotgun, check out our selection of pump-action shotguns for sale.

Making Your Choice

Choosing between a 12-gauge and a 20-gauge shotgun ultimately depends on you. Your specific needs and preferences dictate which gauge is best.

Understanding the key differences and use cases for each gauge is essential. This information helps you make an informed decision that best suits your needs.

Maybe you're looking for a powerful hunting companion or a reliable home defense tool. Either way, Fleet Farm has a wide range of options. To find the perfect shotgun for you, see our shotgun selection. There, you can explore the various models and gauges available.

Make your choice confidently, knowing Fleet Farm has the shotguns to meet your needs. Happy shooting!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different shotgun gauges?

Shotgun gauges vary widely, with the most common being 10, 12, 16, 20, and 28 gauges, along with the .410 bore. Each gauge size corresponds to the diameter of the shotgun's bore, with a lower number indicating a larger bore. For example, a 12-gauge shotgun has a larger bore than a 20-gauge shotgun.

What is more powerful, a 12-gauge or a 20-gauge?

A 12-gauge shotgun is generally more powerful than a 20-gauge. Its larger bore allows it to fire heavier shots or slugs, resulting in greater energy and stopping power. This makes the 12-gauge a preferred choice for hunting larger game and for self-defense.

What gauge shotgun for home defense?

A 12-gauge shotgun is often recommended for home defense due to its stopping power and the availability of various ammunition types. However, a 20-gauge shotgun can also be effective, especially for those who prefer a lighter, easier-to-handle firearm with less recoil.

What is the most common shotgun gauge used by police?

The most common shotgun gauge used by police is the 12-gauge. Law enforcement agencies prefer the 12-gauge for its versatility, stopping power, and the wide range of ammunition types it can use for various tactical situations.

How far will a 20-gauge shotgun shoot?

A 20-gauge shotgun can effectively shoot up to 40 to 50 yards with birdshot and about 100 yards with slugs. However, the effective range depends on the type of ammunition used and the specific application, such as hunting or self-defense.

What is the most popular shotgun gauge?

The 12-gauge shotgun gauge is the most popular due to its versatility, wide range of available ammunition, and suitability for various applications, including hunting, sport shooting, and home defense. Its balance of power and manageability make it a favorite among many shooters.

Why are 8-gauge shotguns illegal?

8-gauge shotguns are illegal in many places because they are considered excessively powerful and can cause significant damage. Their large size and powerful ammunition can lead to over-penetration and pose safety risks, making them unsuitable for civilian use and hunting under typical regulations.